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From Christian martyrs to Chaucer to Shakespeare, Valentine's Day can be traced back to Ancient Rome, but it is the Victorians who made it into the holiday we know today.

A British Valentine

Victorian Valentine cards were flat paper sheets, often printed with colored illustrations and embossed borders. The sheets, when folded and sealed with wax, could be mailed.

In 1837, Rowland Hill published a seminal pamphlet: Post Office Reform; Its Importance and Practicability.

Hill observed that postal charges were by distance and by the number of pages, rather than by weight. To send one sheet from London to Edinburgh cost 1s 1½d, which was more than a days wage for the working class, and almost 14 times the actual cost to the Post Office.

On 10 January 1840, Great Britain introduced the Uniform Penny Post, meaning that Valentine cards could be mailed for just one penny. The mass produced Valentine card was born. Valentines were sent in such great numbers that postmen were given a special allowance for refreshments to help them through the extraordinary exertions of the two or three days leading up to February 14th.




Just one year after the Uniform Penny Postage, 400,000 valentines were posted throughout England.  By 1871, 1.2 million cards were processed by the General Post Office in London.

A popular poem of the time, by James Beaton, alludes to the mass popularity of Valentine Cards.

The letters in St. Valentine so vastly will amount,
Postmen may judge them by the lot, they won't have time to count;
They must bring round spades and measures, to poor love-sick souls
Deliver them by bushels, the same as they do coals.

Rather than purchase a ready-made valentine, some Victorians assembled original valentines from materials purchased at a stationer’s shop: lace, bits of mirror, bows and ribbons, seashells and seeds, gold and silver foil appliqués, silk flowers, and clichéd printed mottoes like “Be Mine” and “Constant and True.” Victorian valentines commonly feature churches or church spires, signifying honorable intentions and fidelity.

A selection of Victorian Valentine's Day cards went on show last year at Manchester Metropolitan University.

The cards, often handmade, featured lace, pressed grass and Valentine’s jokes. One card, titled “The Bark of Love”, featured a fairy in a gilded carriage drawn by two swans. Another, rather saucy card, featured what is possibly a pair of Victorian undergarments, with the message, "I think of you with inexpressible delight".

The cards were drawn from the Laura Seddon Collection at the university. The collection includes more than 50,000 cards, of which just over 1,000 are Valentine's. It was amassed over 25 years, and was donated to the university in 1991.

An American Valentine

Esther Rowland (1828–1904), known as the "Mother of the American Valentine", was an artist and businesswoman who is responsible for popularizing Valentine's Day greeting cards in America.

During her college years, students often secretly exchanged poems elaborately scrawled on sheets of paper. After she graduated, Howland received an ornate English Valentine from a business associate of her father when she was 19 years old. Elaborate Valentine greeting cards were imported from Europe and not affordable to many Americans. She wanted to change that and started importing paper lace and floral decorations from England to make her own cards.

 Weddings now are all the go, Will you marry me or no?

By the mid-1850s Valentine’s Day cards were so popular that the New York Times published sharp criticism on February 14, 1856:

 Our beaux and belles are satisfied with a few miserable lines, neatly written upon fine paper, or else they purchase a printed Valentine with verses ready made, some of which are costly, and many of which are cheap and indecent.In any case, whether decent or indecent, they only please the silly and give the vicious an opportunity to develop their propensities, and place them, anonymously, before the comparatively virtuous. The custom with us has no useful feature, and the sooner it is abolished the better.

The sending of Valentine Cards in the US didn't pick up pace until after the Civil War.

On February 4, 1867, the New York Times wrote that in 1862 post offices in New York City had accepted 21,260 Valentines for delivery. 1863 showed a slight increase, but the number fell to 15,924 the year after.

However, in 1865, perhaps with bitter memories of the war starting to fade, New Yorkers mailed more than 66,000 Valentines, and more than 86,000 the following year.

Valentine's Day was truly becoming big business. According to the New York times, some New Yorkers paid exorbitant prices for Valentines:

 It puzzles many to understand how one of these trifles can be gotten up in such shape as to make it sell for $100; but the fact is that even this figure is not by any means the limit of their price. There is a tradition that one of the Broadway dealers not many years ago disposed of no less than seven Valentines which cost $500 each, and it may be safely asserted that if any individual was so simple as to wish to expend ten times that sum upon one of these missives, some enterprising manufacturer would find a way to accommodate him."

Queen Victoria's Valentine

The question of whether Queen Victoria had a romantic attachment to her man servant John Brown - or even married him in secret - is often hotly debated in the British press today.

In her letters and journal, Queen Victoria called John Brown "darling one" and wrote, " ... so often I told him no one loved him more than I did or had a better friend than me: and he answered 'Nor you -- than me ... No one loves you more'"

Queen Victoria sent Valentines Day cards to John Brown, which were said to be of such "cloying winsomeness" and "artlessness" that some believe they stand as evidence of how innocent their relationship was.

Victorian Valentines: 1840 - 1900.

References

• The Bath Postal Museum: The History of the Postal Services
• Norfolk Museums: The History of Valentine Cards
• Smithsonian's National Postal blog: Love and Derision; Or, Valentine’s Day Victorian Style
• Yallambie: Love Makes the World Go Round, About
• History Extra: Victorian Valentine's Day Cards
• Wikipedia: Esther Howland
• About.com: Cards for St. Valentine's Day Became a Tradition in the 1800s

 Suggestions for your further enjoyment

• A Gallery of Greetings: A Guide to the Seddon Collection of Greetings Cards in Manchester Polytechnic Library. (Disclosure) The collection consists of a section of 32,000 Victorian and Edwardian greeting cards by major publishers of the day. It includes cards printed by hand like those produced by Sockl and Nathan and also mass-produced cards (a subsequent production method) like those produced by Marcus Ward & Co andRaphael Tuck & Sons. Some of the cards hold special significance, like Britain's first commercially produced Christmas card dating from 1843 and includes 450 Valentine's Day cards dating from the early nineteenth century. The cards vary from loving to crude and show a different side to the Victorian values that might be expected. The cards include fake wedding certificates, cards that make references to haliotis and others that suggest that the recipient may face being "left on the shelf".
• Victorian Valentines: Valentine's Day Coloring Pages for Kids and Kids at Heart. Take a trip back in time with 30 coloring pages based on actual Valentines made during the Victorian era.
• Photographic Print of Victorian Valentine Card This 30"x20" (76x51cm) print features an image of Victorian Valentine Card chosen by Mary Evans.
• What Jane Austen Ate and Charles Dickens Knew: From Fox Hunting to Whist-the Facts of Daily Life in Nineteenth-Century England. A delightful guide to the rules and customs that governed life in Victorian England through the eyes of 19th-century literary giants.

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